Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991)

User Rating:

7.2/10   

Director:

Nicholas Meyer

Writers (WGA):

Gene Roddenberry (based on "Star Trek" created by)
Leonard Nimoy (story) ...
(more)

Release Date:

6 December 1991 (USA)

Genre:

Action | Mystery | Sci-Fi | Thriller

Tagline:

The battle for peace has begun

Plot:

The crews of the Enterprise and the Excelsior must stop a plot to prevent a peace treaty between the Klingon Empire and the Federation.

Plot Keywords:

Captain | Assassin | Assassination | Prison | Prisoner

Awards:

Nominated for 2 Oscars. Another 1 win & 5 nominations

Cast

William Shatner	...	Captain James T. Kirk
Leonard Nimoy	...	Captain Spock
DeForest Kelley	...	Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy
James Doohan	...	Captain Montgomery "Scotty" Scott
Walter Koenig	...	Commander Pavel Chekov
Nichelle Nichols	...	Cmdr. Uhura
George Takei	...	Captain Hikaru Sulu
Kim Cattrall	...	Lieutenant Valeris
Mark Lenard	...	Ambassador Sarek
Grace Lee Whitney	...	Commander Janice Rand
Brock Peters	...	Admiral Cartwright
Leon Russom	...	Starfleet Commander in Chief
Kurtwood Smith	...	Federation President
Christopher Plummer	...	General Chang
Rosanna DeSoto	...	Azetbur (as Rosana DeSoto)
David Warner	...	Chancellor Gorkon
John Schuck	...	Klingon ambassador
Michael Dorn	...	Colonel Worf
Paul Rossilli	...	Brigadier General Kerla
Robert Easton	...	Klingon Judge
Clifford Shegog	...	Klingon Officer
William Morgan Sheppard	...	Klingon Commander (as W. Morgan Sheppard)
Brett Porter	...	Gen. Stex
Jeremy Roberts	...	Lieutenant Dimitri Valtane
Michael Bofshever	...	Excelsior Engineer
Angelo Tiffe	...	Excelsior Navigator
Boris Lee Krutonog	...	Helmsman Lojur
Christian Slater	...	Excelsior Communications Officer
Iman	...	Martia
Tom Morga	...	The Brute
Todd Bryant	...	Klingon Translator
John Bloom	...	Behemoth Alien
Jim Boeke	...	Klingon General #1
Carlos Cestero	...	Munitions Man
Edward Clements	...	Young Crewman
Katie Johnston	...	Martia as a Child (as Katie Jane Johnston)
Doug Engalla	...	Prisoner at Rura Penthe (as Douglas Engalla)
Matthias Hues	...	Klingon General #2
Darryl Henriques	...	Ambassador Nanclus
David Orange	...	Sleepy Klingon
Judy Levitt	...	Military Aide
Shakti Chen	...	ADC (as Shakti)
Michael Snyder	...	Crewman Dax
rest of cast listed alphabetically:
Rene Auberjonois	...	Colonel West (uncredited)
John Beck	...	Waiter (uncredited)
Barron Christian	...	Klingon Assistant to Commandant (uncredited)
Douglas Dunning	...	Klingon (uncredited)
Trent Christopher Ganino	...	Klingon Judge #2 (uncredited)
James Mapes	...	Zelonite (uncredited)
Alan Marcus	...	Man who Killed Klingons (uncredited)
Douglas Price	...	Khitomer Flag Bearer (uncredited)
Eric A. Stillwell	...	Courtroom Klingon (uncredited)
J.D. Walters	...	Klingon (uncredited)

Directed by
Nicholas Meyer

Writing credits (WGA)
Gene Roddenberry		(based on "Star Trek" created by)
Leonard Nimoy		(story) and
Lawrence Konner		(story) &
Mark Rosenthal		(story)
Nicholas Meyer		(screenplay) &
Denny Martin Flinn		(screenplay)

Produced by
Brooke Breton	....	associate producer
Marty Hornstein	....	co-producer
Steven-Charles Jaffe	....	producer
Leonard Nimoy	....	executive producer
Ralph Winter	....	producer

Original Music by
Cliff Eidelman

Cinematography by
Hiro Narita		(director of photography)

Film Editing by
William Hoy
Ronald Roose

Casting by
Mary Jo Slater

Production Design by
Herman F. Zimmerman		(as Herman Zimmerman)

Art Direction by
Nilo Rodis-Jamero

Set Decoration by
Mickey S. Michaels

Costume Design by
Dodie Shepard

Makeup Department
Janice Alexander	....	hair stylist (as Janice R. Alexander)
R. Christopher Biggs	....	special makeup effects artist
Greg Cannom	....	special alien dog makeup
Joe Colwell	....	foam technician
Ed French	....	special makeup effects artist (as Edward French)
Art Harding	....	makeup artist
Dayne Johnson	....	prosthetic makeup artist
Dean Jones	....	makeup artist
Michael Key	....	makeup artist
Cat'ania McCoy-Howze	....	special makeup effects artist
Brian McManus	....	makeup artist: Mr. Shatner
Michael Mills	....	makeup supervisor (as Michael M. Mills)
Gilbert A. Mosko	....	makeup artist
Kenny Myers	....	makeup department head (as Ken Myers)
Carol A. O'Connell	....	hair stylist
Gerald Quist	....	makeup artist
Rick Stratton	....	makeup artist
Wayne Toth	....	special makeup effects artist
Anne P. Turk	....	special makeup effects assistant
Keith VanderLaan	....	makeup effects technician: Cannom Creations
Ron Walters	....	makeup artist
Michael F. Blake	....	makeup artist (uncredited)
Donna Cicatelli-Lewis	....	special makeup effects artist (uncredited)

Production Management
Marty Hornstein	....	unit production manager

Second Unit Director or Assistant Director
Katy Garretson	....	second assistant director (as Katy E. Garretson)
Christopher T. Gerrity	....	assistant director
Steven-Charles Jaffe	....	second unit director
Randy Suhr	....	second second assistant director
David Trotti	....	dga trainee
Douglas E. Wise	....	first assistant director

Art Department
Aaron M. Albucher	....	art department assistant
Mike Apperson	....	labor foreperson
Richard J. Bayard	....	construction coordinator
Richard Beck	....	assistant property master
Cliff Bergman	....	construction foreperson
Cliff Boulé	....	graphics designer
James Buckley	....	assistant property master (as Jamie Buckley)
Gary Clark	....	painter (as Gary A. Clark)
Henry S. Coia	....	painter
Dragon Dronet	....	props, weapons
Edward G. Fitzgerald	....	leadperson
Buffee Friedlich	....	art department assistant
David Galvan	....	lead paint foreman
Don Hulett	....	property master (as Don L. Hulett)
Gregory Jein	....	special props (as Greg Jein)
Jeffery J. Jenkins	....	painter
Alan S. Kaye	....	set designer
Iain McCaig	....	storyboard artist
Louise Nielsen	....	set designer
Gene Nollman	....	set designer (as Eugene C. Nollman)
Phillip Norwood	....	storyboard artist
Michael Okuda	....	graphic designer
Robert Van Dyke	....	propmaker foreman
Ron Wilkinson	....	set designer
Ed Miarecki	....	propmaker (uncredited)

Sound Department
Bobbi Banks	....	adr editor
Bob Baron	....	adr mixer
Bruce E. Bell	....	sound editor
Gene S. Cantamessa	....	production sound
Steve Cantamessa	....	boom operator (as Steve G. Cantamessa)
James Cavarretta	....	sound recordist
Greg Curda	....	foley mixer
Ken Dufva	....	foley artist
Thom 'Coach' Ehle	....	sound stereo consultant: Dolby (as Thom Ehle)
John P. Fasal	....	special sound effects (as John Paul Fasal)
David Lee Fein	....	foley artist
Marva Fucci	....	assistant sound editor
Thomas A. Fucci	....	sound editor (as Thomas Fucci)
Jeffrey J. Haboush	....	sound re-recording mixer
Mike Haney	....	sound recordist
Matthew Harrison	....	foley editor
Michael Herbick	....	sound re-recording mixer
Frank Howard	....	sound editor
Alan Howarth	....	special sound effects
Mark Jennings	....	cable person (as Mark R. Jennings)
Suhail Kafity	....	sound editor (as Suhail F. Kafity)
Victoria Martin	....	foley editor
F. Hudson Miller	....	supervising sound editor
Maggie Ostroff	....	assistant sound editor
R.J. Palmer	....	sound editor
Jonathan Phillips	....	apprentice sound editor
Gary Ritchie	....	sound recordist
Greg P. Russell	....	sound re-recording mixer
Fred Stafford	....	adr editor
Marcy Stoeven	....	assistant sound editor (as Marcy Stoeven Gibbens)
Greg Thompson	....	assistant sound editor
George Watters II	....	supervising sound editor
Butch Wolf	....	foley editor
Jack Woods	....	sound editor

Special Effects by
Paul Barnes	....	special props assistant
Eugene Crum	....	special effects assistant
Donald Frazee	....	special effects assistant
Logan Frazee	....	special effects assistant
Terry D. Frazee	....	special effects supervisor
Ed French	....	special alien makeup creator (as Edward French)
Karin Hanson	....	special effects hair
Kevin Hudson	....	special effects makeup
Scott Lingard	....	special effects assistant
Donald Myers	....	special effects assistant (as Donald E. Myers)
Joseph C. Sasgen	....	special effects assistant
Peter Takeuchi	....	special effects
Brannon Wright	....	special effects makeup crew
Grady Holder	....	lab technician: Richard Snell Designs (uncredited)
David W. Mosher	....	sculptor: Richard Snell Designs/R. Christopher Biggs (uncredited)
Larry Odien	....	special effects technician (uncredited)

Visual Effects by
Alia Agha	....	production assistant: ILM (as Alia Almeida Agha)
Jon Alexander	....	optical camera operator
Scott E. Anderson	....	computer graphics animator
Gordon Baker	....	animation effects artist
Craig Barron	....	visual effects supervisor: Matte World
Randall K. Bean	....	scanning
Kathleen Beeler	....	rotoscope artist
Jil-Sheree Bergin	....	visual effects coordinator
Tom Bertino	....	rotoscope supervisor
John Andrew Berton Jr.	....	CG animator
Thomas R. Bryant	....	visual effects editor
Wade Childress	....	camera operator: Matte World
Barbara Cimity	....	tactical display: Cimityart
Donald Clark	....	optical camera operator
Charlie Clavadetscher	....	effects camera operator
Peter Crosman	....	animation effects artist
Gail Currey	....	CG production supervisor
Andrea D'Amico	....	digital visual effects producer: CIS Hollywood
Peter Daulton	....	motion control camera operator
Krystyna Demkowicz	....	visual effects project manager: Matte World
Bernie Demolski	....	stage technician: ILM (as Richard Demolski)
Les Dittert	....	optical supervisor: PDI
Jeff Doran	....	optical camera operator (as Jeffrey Doran)
Janet L. Earl	....	video image display: Video Image
Selwyn Eddy	....	optical camera operator (as Selwyn Eddy III)
Mike Ellis	....	optical processing (as Michael Ellis)
Scott Farrar	....	visual effects supervisor
Robert Finley Jr.	....	stage technician: ILM
Jon Foreman	....	model maker: ILM
George Gambetta	....	scanning
Bill George	....	visual effects art director
Brian Gernand	....	model maker: ILM
John Goodson	....	model maker
John Graves	....	visual effects
Carol Lee Griswold	....	production assistant: ILM
Nelson Hall	....	optical processing
David Hanks	....	motion control camera assistant
Rick Hannigan	....	optical camera
Jack Haye	....	model maker: ILM
Linda Henry	....	optical effects line-up: VCE
Rebecca Heskes	....	rotoscope artist (as Rebecca Petrulli-Heskes)
Joel Hladecek	....	motion control camera
Sandy Houston	....	rotoscoper
Wade Howie	....	digital effects artist
Peg Hunter	....	optical lineup
Keith Johnson	....	optical camera operator
David Karpman	....	optical lineup
Pam Kaye	....	production accountant: ILM
Brad Kuehn	....	optical photography supervisor
Peter Kuran	....	photographic effects: VCE
Kevin Kutchaver	....	animation effects: VCE
Jennifer Lee	....	optical lineup
Robin Lee	....	assistant visual effects editor
Joe Letteri	....	CG animator
Karen Logan	....	production support: PDI
Ross Lorente	....	stage technician: ILM
Nancy Luckoff	....	production assistant: ILM
Al Magliochetti	....	animation effects: VCE
Al Magliochetti	....	animation supervisor
Shari Malyn	....	animation effects coordinator
Tina Matthies	....	production assistant: ILM
Mickey McGovern	....	visual effects editor (as Michael McGovern)
Rich McKay	....	camera assistant
Barb Meier	....	animator: PDI
Richard Miller	....	model maker: ILM
Craig Mohagen	....	stage technician: ILM
Terry Molatore	....	rotoscope artist
Jack Mongovan	....	rotoscope artist
Daniel P. Moore	....	video operator: visual effects unit
Mark Moore	....	visual effects art director
David Morton	....	motion control gaffer
David Morton	....	stage technician: ILM
Ellen Mueller	....	rotoscope artist
Craig Newman	....	tactical display: Cimityart
Paul Oehlke	....	camera assistant: Matte World
Kate O'Neill	....	motion control camera assistant
Michael Pangrazio	....	matte artist supervisor: Matte World
Joe Pasquale	....	digital artist
Alan Peterson	....	model maker: ILM
Josh Pines	....	scanning (as Joshua Pines)
William Powloski	....	motion control camera
Chuck Ray	....	stage technician: ILM (as Charles Ray)
Steve Reding	....	effects camera operator (as Steven Reding)
Carolyn Ensle Rendu	....	rotoscope artist (as Carolyn Rendu)
Pat Repola	....	optical camera operator (as Patrick Repola)
Jay Riddle	....	computer graphics supervisor
Thomas Rosseter	....	optical lineup
Susan Ross	....	model maker: ILM
Nina Salerno	....	tactical display: Cimityart
Tim Segulin	....	optical effects line-up: VCE
Alex Seiden	....	CG animator
Kenneth Smith	....	optical camera operator
Kim Smith	....	model maker: ILM
Eben Stromquist	....	model maker: ILM
Monte Swann	....	video image display: Video Image
Eric Swenson	....	effects camera
Wes Takahashi	....	animation supervisor (as Wes Ford Takahashi)
Lawrence Tan	....	model shop supervisor
Paul Theren	....	model maker: ILM
David Tucker	....	optical printing: VCE
Pat Turner	....	plate camera operator
Wim van Thillo	....	model maker: ILM
Lisa Vaughn	....	optical scanning coordinator
Pam Vick	....	rotoscope animation: VCE
Bruce Walters	....	special effects camera supervisor
Harold Weed	....	model maker: Matte World (as Howie Weed)
Randy Weeks	....	tactical display: Cimityart
John Whisnant	....	optical lineup
Chuck Wiley	....	model maker: ILM (as Charles Wiley)
Debra Wolff	....	optical lineup
Jacqueline Zietlow	....	administrator: VCE
Susan Adele Colletta	....	post production coordinator (uncredited)
Gregory Jein	....	model constructor (uncredited)
Daniel Alan Ross	....	CGI technical assistant: ILM (uncredited)
Scott Ross	....	general manager: ILM (uncredited)
Scott Schneider	....	model maker (uncredited)

Stunts
Joyce Agu	....	stunt double: Iman (as Joycelyn Robinson)
Ed Anders	....	stunts
Gary Baxley	....	stunts
Jeff Bornstein	....	stunts
Eddie Braun	....	stunts
Charlie Brewer	....	stunts
Hal Burton	....	stunts
Dorothy Ching-Davis	....	stunts
Bret Davidson	....	stunts (as Brett Davidson)
BJ Davis	....	stunts (as B.J. Davis)
Maria Doest	....	stunts
Joe Farago	....	stunts
Sandy Free	....	stunts
Joy Hooper	....	stunts
Tommy J. Huff	....	stunts (as Tom Huff)
Jeff Imada	....	stunts
Jeffrey Scott Jensen	....	stunts (as Jeffrey S. Jensen)
Rob King	....	stunts (as Robert King)
Scott Leva	....	stunts
Alan Marcus	....	stunts
Cole S. McKay	....	stunts (as Cole McKay)
Eric Norris	....	stunts
Noon Orsatti	....	stunts
Deeana Pampena	....	stunts
Don Pike	....	stunt coordinator (as Donald R. Pike)
Gary Pike	....	stunts (as Gary T. Pike)
Don Pulford	....	stunts (as Donald B. Pulford)
Danny Rogers	....	stunts
Don Ruffin	....	stunts
Spike Silver	....	stunts
Erik Stabenau	....	stunts
Don Pulford	....	stunt double: William Shatner (uncredited)

Camera and Electrical Department
Patric J. Abaravich	....	lighting technician
Jenna Abrahamson-Minardi	....	lighting technician
Keith Baber	....	chief rigging electrician
Ben Beaird	....	first company grip
John S. Beyers	....	assistant chief lighting technician (as John Beyers)
Jeff Case	....	dolly grip
Ian Christenberry	....	lighting technician
Daniel Cook	....	grip
John Cybulski	....	chief rigging electrician
Frank Del Boccio	....	assistant photographer: second unit
Jeff Durling	....	electrician
Jeff Durling	....	lighting technician
Tom Embree	....	lighting technician (as Thom Embree)
John V. Fante	....	director of photography: second unit
Dennis Flanderka	....	grip
Kristin R. Glover	....	camera operator
Mark Gutterud	....	vistavision camera operator
Clyde Hart	....	second company grip
Michael Katz	....	lighting technician
Rob Morey	....	first assistant camera (as Robert Morey)
Joe Morris	....	rigger
Frank Parrish	....	assistant photographer: second unit
Arnaud Peiny	....	grip
Raman Rao	....	chief lighting technician
Gregory Schwartz	....	still photographer
Stephen Sfetku	....	film loader
Richard Stevens	....	second assistant camera (as Richard M. Stevens)
Randy Nolen	....	Steadicam operator (uncredited)

Animation Department
Kevin Kutchaver	....	animator

Casting Department
Jan Glaser	....	casting associate
Barbara Harris	....	voice casting
Wendy Wassall-Engalla	....	casting assistant

Costume and Wardrobe Department
Adrienne Childers	....	costumer
Danna Edwards	....	costumer
Greg Hall	....	costumer
Christine Heinz	....	key costumer
Joseph Markham	....	key costumer (as Joseph R. Markham)
Elaine Maser	....	costume supervisor
Bob Moore Jr.	....	costumer
Karen Bellamy	....	costumer (uncredited)

Editorial Department
Scott Caldwell	....	assistant film editor
Daniel Candib	....	assistant film editor
Dale E. Grahn	....	color timer (as Dale Grahn)
Michael Hofacre	....	apprentice editor
Theresa Repola Mohammed	....	negative cutter
Preston Richard	....	negative cutter
Richard Sellmer	....	apprentice editor

Music Department
Bunny Andrews	....	music editor
Bob Bornstein	....	music preparation
Alexander Courage	....	composer: additional music (from "Star Trek")
Cliff Eidelman	....	conductor
Robin Eidelman	....	assistant music editor (as Robin K. Eidelman)
Carl Fortina	....	orchestra contractor
William Kidd	....	additional orchestrator
Mark McKenzie	....	orchestrator
Armin Steiner	....	music scoring mixer
Armin Steiner	....	score recordist

Transportation Department
Gina August	....	driver
Anthony James Fox	....	transportation captain (as Tony Fox)
Gerald L. Sater	....	transportation coordinator

Other crew
Roland Armstorff	....	production assistant
Rhonda Baer	....	location manager
Sheila Barnes	....	production office coordinator
Faye Brenner	....	script supervisor
Rebeca Brookshire	....	assistant: Mr. Winter
Mary Jo Fernandez	....	assistant: Mr. Shatner
Laurie Gauger	....	assistant production office coordinator
Mary Beth Gentle	....	assistant: Mr. Winter
R. Harrison Gibbs	....	production assistant
Timothy Greenwood	....	projectionist
Jeffrey Harstedt	....	video coordinator
Brent Lon Hershman	....	assistant: Ms. Breton
Bob Hoffman	....	unit publicist
Deborah Krainin	....	assistant: Mr. Jaffe
Joe Lotito	....	production assistant
Michael McCusker	....	assistant: Mr. Meyer
William Nuzzo	....	craft service (as Bill Nuzzo)
Marc Okrand	....	specialist: Klingon language
Frederic Perrin	....	caterer
David Oliver Pfeil	....	title designer
Mindy Sheldon	....	assistant production accountant
Russell Steele	....	production assistant
Debbie Tieman	....	second assistant accountant
Brian Wallace	....	set security
Brian W. Wallace	....	set security (as Brian Wallace)
Andrea Walzer	....	script supervisor
Brian Wensel	....	production accountant
Joyce Agu	....	stand-in: Iman (uncredited)
Tom Lent	....	adr voice (uncredited)
Philip Weyland	....	stand-in (uncredited)

Thanks
Gene Roddenberry	....	in memory of

Production Companies

• Paramount Pictures (presents)

Distributors

• Paramount Pictures (1991) (USA) (theatrical)
• United International Pictures (UIP) (1992) (Germany) (theatrical)
• United International Pictures (UIP) (1992) (Netherlands) (theatrical)
• CIC-Taft Home Video
• Cinéma International Corporation (CIC) (1995) (Sweden) (VHS)
• National Broadcasting Company (NBC) (1994) (USA) (TV) (broadcast premiere)
• Paramount Home Video (1995) (USA) (laserdisc)
• Paramount Home Video (1998) (USA) (VHS)
• Paramount Home Video (2000) (USA) (DVD)
• Paramount Pictures Corporation (Canada) (2009) (Canada) (video) (Blu-Ray Disc)
• Paramount (2001) (Sweden) (DVD)
• Paramount (2004) (Sweden) (DVD)
• Paramount (2009) (Sweden) (DVD)
• Paramount (2009) (Sweden) (DVD) (Blu-ray)
• René Malo Vidéo-Malofilm Video (1992) (Canada) (VHS)
• United International Pictures (UIP) (Spain)

Special Effects

• Hansard (process compositing)
• Industrial Light & Magic (ILM)
• Matte World Digital
• Pacific Data Images (PDI) (digital compositing)
• Richard Snell Make-Up Designs (Klingon and Vulcan prostetics created by)
• Wildfire Inc. (UV effects)

Other Companies

• Central Casting  extras casting
• Cinema Research  opticals
• MCA Records  soundtrack
• Movie Movers  cast trailers

Runtime:

113 min | 110 min (theatrical version)

Country:

USA

Language:

English | Klingon

Color:

Color (Technicolor)

Aspect Ratio:

2.00 : 1

Sound Mix:

70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints) | Dolby Digital (some test prints) | Dolby SR (35 mm prints)

Certification:

Canada:A (Nova Scotia) | Canada:G (Quebec) | Canada:PG (Manitoba/Ontario) | Italy:T | South Korea:12 | Brazil:Livre | Australia:PG | Finland:K-11 (DVD rating) | France:U | Germany:12 | Iceland:LH | Ireland:PG | Netherlands:12 | Singapore:PG | Spain:T | UK:PG | USA:PG

Filming Locations:

Alaska, USA

Company:

Paramount Pictures

Trivia:

In a featurette on the Special Features from the 2-disc DVD, William Shatner, talks about how he was upset with Nicholas Meyer for breaking a promise regarding one of his lines. The line in question was when Kirk says "Let them die" during the scene when he and Spock are talking after the classified briefing. Shatner wanted to say the line, then gesture as if he didn't mean to say it, and he made Meyer promise to show it on camera. However in the final cut, after Kirk says "Let them die", it cuts to Spock looking surprised, and only goes back to Kirk, cutting over when Kirk gestures with regret.

Goofs:

Plot holes: Since the torpedo being fired at Gorkon's ship, and Kirk and McCoy's subsequent beaming over, were unforeseen, how is it that Spock just happens to have a "tracer patch" in his hand to place on Kirk's shoulder?

Quotes:

[first lines]
Captain Hikaru Sulu: Stardate 9521.6. Captain's Log, USS Excelsior. Hikaru Sulu commanding. After three years, I have concluded my first assignment as master of this vessel, cataloguing gaseous planetary anomalies in Beta Quadrant. We're heading home under full impulse power. I'm pleased to report that ship and crew have functioned well.

Movie Connections:

Referenced in "Futurama: Where No Fan Has Gone Before (#4.12)" (2002)

Soundtrack:

THEME FROM 'STAR TREK' TV SERIES

Classic!!!

I think that STVI is the greatest Trek film ever. The reason I think it is better then ST:FC is because First Contact was on such a large scale; save all of humanity from oblivion. Well, that's nice and all, but STVI was a part of Trek history. Peace with the Klingons, who would have guessed it. Peace with the Russians, who would have guessed it. Which brings me to my next point, it parallaled current world situations (which is why I bring up the USSR). It's a brilliant movie that will last the test of time.